Stoicism 101: Marcus Aurelius

When we're told to study philosophy, many names tend to pop up in our recommendations: Karl Marx, Laozi, and Immanuel Kant. Yet, there is one name in the long history of philosophy that is often shrouded in mystery and myth. Today, we're going to unpack Marcus Aurelius: Stoicism's paragon.

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Early Life & Rise to Power

Born on April 26, 121 AD, in the heart of Rome, Marcus Annius Verus was destined for greatness. His remarkable intellect and strong character quickly set him apart, catching the discerning eye of Emperor Hadrian. Recognizing his potential, Hadrian orchestrated a pivotal moment in Marcus's life by arranging his adoption by the future emperor, Antoninus Pius, in 138 AD. This move set the stage for Marcus's extraordinary journey to the throne.

During this transformative period, the young Marcus, just 17 years old, embarked on an extensive education that would shape his future as a leader. With his new name, Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar, he was thrust into the heart of Roman power, diligently studying law, philosophy, and governance. He was mentored by some of the greatest minds of his time, including Apollonius of Chalcedon and Junius Rusticus. These masters imparted not only knowledge but also the wisdom and discipline that would become the bedrock of Marcus's Stoic philosophy.

Since before his adoption, Marcus had been deeply close to Faustina the Younger. They played together in olive groves as children, and over time, they fell in love. Fate had separated them, but after Emperor Hadrian's sudden passing, Antoninus Pius, now Hadrian's chosen successor, ended the engagement between Faustina and Lucius Verus to give her hand to Marcus, much to everyone's dismay. This decision was influenced by both strategic and personal considerations. Politically, the new betrothal strengthened the bond between Marcus and Antoninus Pius, ensuring a smooth transition of power and reinforcing the stability of the imperial succession. On a personal level, Marcus and Faustina shared a genuine affection for each other, making the new arrangement favorable and harmonious for both. They were engaged for seven years before marrying in 145 AD, solidifying their future together as the future Empress and Emperor of Rome.

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Later Life, Rule, and Legacy

Throughout his life, Marcus's writings not only provide a deep understanding of his thought processes but also reveal how his family, his wife, and the people he encountered influenced his philosophies. His Meditations offer a unique glimpse into his inner world, showcasing not just his commitment to Stoic principles like rationality and resilience, but also his profound attention to kindness and empathy. Marcus believed in the importance of treating others with compassion and understanding, recognizing the interconnectedness of all human beings. His reflections often emphasize the value of patience, forgiveness, and the pursuit of the common good. These lesser-known aspects of his philosophy highlight a ruler who, despite the immense pressures of his position, strove to lead with a heart full of empathy and a mind guided by wisdom.

As a ruler, Marcus faced numerous challenges, both politically and militarily. His reign was marked by constant warfare, particularly against the Germanic tribes and the Parthian Empire. Despite these conflicts, Marcus remained steadfast in his commitment to Stoic principles, often reflecting on the nature of duty and leadership in his Meditations. He believed that a ruler should act in the best interest of the people, prioritizing justice and the welfare of the state over personal gain.

Marcus adopted the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus upon his accession to the throne in 161 AD. Initially, he ruled jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Lucius's death in 169 AD. After this, Marcus became the sole ruler of the Roman Empire.

Politically, Marcus worked to maintain stability within the empire. He was known for his fair and just administration, implementing reforms that aimed to reduce corruption and improve the efficiency of the government. His leadership style was characterized by a balance of firmness and compassion, earning him the respect and loyalty of both his subjects and his soldiers.

In times of war, Marcus demonstrated remarkable resilience and strategic acumen. He personally led his troops in several campaigns, enduring the same hardships as his soldiers. One notable example was during the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD), where he led his legions against the Germanic tribes along the Danube frontier. Despite the harsh conditions and the constant threat of enemy attacks, Marcus remained with his troops, sharing their struggles and fighting alongside them. This hands-on approach not only boosted the morale of his army but also reinforced his image as a dedicated and capable leader.

Marcus also endured profound personal hardships, including the loss of several of his children. Despite these tragedies, he continued to fulfill his responsibilities with resilience and composure, demonstrating his unwavering commitment to his Stoic beliefs. His reflections on grief and loss in his Meditations reveal a ruler who, despite immense burdens, sought to find meaning and maintain his sense of duty.

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In Summary

Despite common perceptions of Stoicism as a philosophy of strict self-restraint and rationality, Marcus Aurelius's life and writings reveal that it is deeply rooted in empathy, love, and kindness. His Meditations show that Stoicism is not just about wisdom and self-control, but also about understanding and compassion for others. Marcus's ability to balance these qualities made him a great leader and a wise philosopher. By examining the lives of Stoic philosophers like Marcus, we uncover the profound impact of their personal experiences and relationships on their teachings. This closer look reminds us that Stoicism embraces the human elements of love, loss, and resilience, making it a philosophy of both the mind and the heart.

Marcus Aurelius's journey from a young scholar to a revered emperor was marked by a steadfast commitment to principles of rationality, empathy, and justice. Through his Meditations, Marcus offers timeless insights into the human condition, emphasizing the importance of compassion, patience, and the pursuit of the common good. Despite facing numerous challenges, including constant warfare and personal tragedies, Marcus remained dedicated to his duties and his Stoic beliefs. His leadership style, characterized by fairness and strategic acumen, earned him the respect and loyalty of his subjects and soldiers alike.

Marcus Aurelius's legacy endures as a shining example of the power of philosophy in guiding one's actions and maintaining integrity in the face of adversity. His life serves as an enduring inspiration for those who seek to lead with wisdom and compassion, truly demonstrating that Stoicism is a philosophy of both the mind and the heart.